In Vitro assessment of interaction between lidocaine hydrochloride and irrigating solutions on root canal dentin: A scanning electron microscope study.
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the precipitate formed from the interaction between 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (LA) with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles on root canal dentin, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Material and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolars were decoronated, and the root length standardised. The specimens were randomly distributed into the following groups: Group 1 (control): 2% LA mixed with sterile water without root canal instrumentation, Group 2: 2% LA with 2.5% NaOCl in water without root canal instrumentation, and Group 3: 2% LA with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles in water without root canal instrumentation. Teeth specimens were split and subjected to SEM analysis at cervical, middle, and apical root thirds. On observing precipitate formation in Group 2, 10 premolars were decoronated and treated with 2% LA and 2.5% NaOCl and subjected to root canal instrumentation.
Results: Group 1 and Group 3 showed patent dentinal tubules and no precipitate formation. Group 2 showed precipitate blocking dentinal tubules in all the three sections, and the precipitate could not be removed completely after cleaning and shaping.
Conclusion: NaOCl forms an insoluble precipitate on interaction with local anaesthetic solution that cannot be removed after chemo-mechanical preparation. Chitosan nanoparticles do not form any such precipitate and show patent dentinal tubules. Hence, chitosan can be used as a flushing irrigant.
References
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[17]. Boopathi T, Sebeena M, Sivakumar K, Harikaran J, Karthick K, Raj A. Supplemental pulpal anesthesia for mandibular teeth. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S103-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.113307. PMID: 23946560.
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[21]. Kmiec M, Pighinelli L, Tedesco MF, Silva MM, Reis V. Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry. Adv Tissue Eng Regen Med Open Access. 2017;2(4):205–211. doi: 10.15406/atroa.2017.02.00035
[22]. Dai T, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Chitosan preparations for wounds and burns: antimicrobial and wound-healing effects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(7):857-79. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.59. Erratum in: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(8):866. PMID: 21810057; PMCID: PMC3188448.
[23]. Hosseini S, Kassaee MZ, Elahi SH, Bolhari B. A New Nano-Chitosan Irrigant with Superior Smear Layer Removal and Penetration. Nanochem Res, 2016; 1(2): 150-156. doi: 10.7508/ncr.2016.02.002
[24]. Silva PV, Guedes DF, Nakadi FV, Pécora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):332-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02119.x. PMID: 22970844.
[25]. Basrani BR, Manek S, Sodhi RN, Fillery E, Manzur A. Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. J Endod. 2007;33(8):966-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.04.001. PMID: 17878084.
[26]. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and EDTA. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1521-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.039. PMID: 19026886.
[27. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and EDTA. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1521-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.039. Epub 2008 Oct 11. PMID: 19026886.
[28]. Saravanakarthikeyan B, Devarajan S, Sankeerthana K, Sujatha V, Mahalaxmi S. In vitro assessment of interaction between lidocaine hydrochloride and sodium hypochlorite on root canal dentin before and after chemomechanical instrumentation procedures. J Conserv Dent. 2019;22(3):255-259. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_565_18. PMID: 31367109; PMCID: PMC6632634.
[29]. Chou TC, Fu E, Shen EC. Chitosan inhibits prostaglandin E2 formation and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;308(2):403-7. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01407-4. PMID: 12901883.
[30]. Kamble AB, Abraham S, Kakde DD, Shashidhar C, Mehta DL. Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Efficacy of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Chitosan for Smear Layer Removal with Ultrasonics: An In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017;8(4):621-626. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_745_17. PMID: 29326515; PMCID: PMC5754985.
[31]. Mathew SP, Pai VS, Usha G, Nadig RR. Comparative evaluation of smear layer removal by chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid when used as irrigant and its effect on root dentine: An in vitro atomic force microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. J Conserv Dent. 2017;20(4):245-250. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_269_16. PMID: 29259361; PMCID: PMC5721506.
[32]. Kishen A, Shi Z, Shrestha A, Neoh KG. An investigation on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of cationic nanoparticulates for root canal disinfection. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1515-20. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.035. PMID: 19026885.
[33]. Kesim B, Burak AK, Ustun Y, Delikan E, Gungor A. Effect of chitosan on sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21(10):1284-1290. doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_127_18. PMID: 30297560.
[2]. Claffey E, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2004;30(8):568-71. doi: 10.1097/01.don.0000125317.21892.8f. PMID: 1527 3637.
[3]. Aggarwal V, Jain A, Kabi D. Anesthetic efficacy of supple-mental buccal and lingual infiltrations of articaine and lidocaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2009;35(7):925-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.012. PMID: 19567309.
[4]. Claffey E, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2004;30(8):568-71. doi: 10.1097/01.don.0000125317.21892.8f. PMID: 15273637.
[5]. Fowler S, Drum M, Reader A, Beck M. Anesthetic Success of an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block and Supplemental Articaine Buccal Infiltration for Molars and Premolars in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis. J Endod. 2016;42(3):390-2. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.025. PMID: 26831048.
[6]. Zanjir M, Lighvan NL, Yarascavitch C, Beyene J, Shah PS, Azarpazhooh A. Efficacy and Safety of Pulpal Anesthesia Strategies during Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2019;45(12):1435-1464.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.09.002. PMID: 31601433.
[7]. Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Suresh A, Veettil SK, Bhatia S, Setzer FC. Efficacy of local anaesthetic solutions on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int Endod J. 2019;52(6):779-789. doi: 10.1111/iej.13072. PMID: 30638269.
[8]. Lin JY, Cheng YC, Chen JY, Chien CC, Lin SC, Wen YR, Tsou TS, Ling QD. Increased spinal prodynorphin gene ex-pression in reinflammation-associated hyperalgesia after neonatal inflammatory insult. BMC Neurosci. 2010;11:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-139. PMID: 20973986; PMCID: PMC2978219.
[9]. Ji RR, Xu ZZ, Gao YJ. Emerging targets in neuroinflam-mation-driven chronic pain. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(7):533-48. doi: 10.1038/nrd4334. PMID: 24948120; PMCID: PMC4228377.
[10]. Jänig W. Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: a conceptual view. Auton Neurosci. 2014;182:4-14. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.01.004. PMID: 24525016.
[11]. Honda K, Kitagawa J, Sessle BJ, Kondo M, Tsuboi Y, Yonehara Y, Iwata K. Mechanisms involved in an increment of multimodal excitability of medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn neurons following cutaneous capsaicin treatment. Mol Pain. 2008;4:59. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-59. PMID: 19019214; PMCID: PMC2661045.
[12]. Chaudhary P, Martenson ME, Baumann TK. Vanilloid receptor expression and capsaicin excitation of rat dental primary afferent neurons. J Dent Res. 2001;80(6):1518-23. doi: 10.1177/00220345010800060801. PMID: 11499505.
[13]. Willoughby DA, Moore AR, Colville-Nash PR. COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 and the future treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. Lancet. 2000;355(9204):646-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)12031-2. PMID: 10696997.
[14]. Willoughby DA, Moore AR, Colville-Nash PR. COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 and the future treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. Lancet. 2000;355(9204):646-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)12031-2. PMID: 10696997.
[15]. Nakanishi T, Shimizu H, Hosokawa Y, Matsuo T. An immuno-histological study on cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp. J Endod. 2001;27(6):385-8. doi: 10.1097/00004770-20 0106000-00003. PMID: 11487130.
[16]. Chang YC, Yang SF, Huang FM, Liu CM, Tai KW, Hsieh YS. Proinflammatory cytokines induce cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in human pulp cell cultures. J Endod. 2003;29(3):201-4. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200303000-00009. PMID: 12669881.
[17]. Boopathi T, Sebeena M, Sivakumar K, Harikaran J, Karthick K, Raj A. Supplemental pulpal anesthesia for mandibular teeth. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S103-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.113307. PMID: 23946560.
[18]. Birchfield J, Rosenberg PA. Role of the anesthetic solution in intrapulpal anesthesia. J Endod. 1975;1(1):26-7. doi: 10.1016/S0099-2399(75)80246-9. PMID: 1061766.
[19]. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32(5):389-98. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2005.09.014. PMID: 16631834.
[20]. Vidhya N, Karthikeyan BS, Velmurugan N, Abarajithan M, Nithyanandan S. Interaction between lidocaine hy-drochloride (with and without adrenaline) and various irrigants: A nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2014;11(3):395-9. PMID: 25097652; PMCID: PMC4119375.
[21]. Kmiec M, Pighinelli L, Tedesco MF, Silva MM, Reis V. Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry. Adv Tissue Eng Regen Med Open Access. 2017;2(4):205–211. doi: 10.15406/atroa.2017.02.00035
[22]. Dai T, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Chitosan preparations for wounds and burns: antimicrobial and wound-healing effects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(7):857-79. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.59. Erratum in: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(8):866. PMID: 21810057; PMCID: PMC3188448.
[23]. Hosseini S, Kassaee MZ, Elahi SH, Bolhari B. A New Nano-Chitosan Irrigant with Superior Smear Layer Removal and Penetration. Nanochem Res, 2016; 1(2): 150-156. doi: 10.7508/ncr.2016.02.002
[24]. Silva PV, Guedes DF, Nakadi FV, Pécora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):332-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02119.x. PMID: 22970844.
[25]. Basrani BR, Manek S, Sodhi RN, Fillery E, Manzur A. Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. J Endod. 2007;33(8):966-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.04.001. PMID: 17878084.
[26]. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and EDTA. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1521-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.039. PMID: 19026886.
[27. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and EDTA. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1521-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.039. Epub 2008 Oct 11. PMID: 19026886.
[28]. Saravanakarthikeyan B, Devarajan S, Sankeerthana K, Sujatha V, Mahalaxmi S. In vitro assessment of interaction between lidocaine hydrochloride and sodium hypochlorite on root canal dentin before and after chemomechanical instrumentation procedures. J Conserv Dent. 2019;22(3):255-259. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_565_18. PMID: 31367109; PMCID: PMC6632634.
[29]. Chou TC, Fu E, Shen EC. Chitosan inhibits prostaglandin E2 formation and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;308(2):403-7. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01407-4. PMID: 12901883.
[30]. Kamble AB, Abraham S, Kakde DD, Shashidhar C, Mehta DL. Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Efficacy of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Chitosan for Smear Layer Removal with Ultrasonics: An In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017;8(4):621-626. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_745_17. PMID: 29326515; PMCID: PMC5754985.
[31]. Mathew SP, Pai VS, Usha G, Nadig RR. Comparative evaluation of smear layer removal by chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid when used as irrigant and its effect on root dentine: An in vitro atomic force microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. J Conserv Dent. 2017;20(4):245-250. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_269_16. PMID: 29259361; PMCID: PMC5721506.
[32]. Kishen A, Shi Z, Shrestha A, Neoh KG. An investigation on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of cationic nanoparticulates for root canal disinfection. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1515-20. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.035. PMID: 19026885.
[33]. Kesim B, Burak AK, Ustun Y, Delikan E, Gungor A. Effect of chitosan on sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21(10):1284-1290. doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_127_18. PMID: 30297560.
Published
2022-08-31
How to Cite
KAUR, Gurmeen et al.
In Vitro assessment of interaction between lidocaine hydrochloride and irrigating solutions on root canal dentin: A scanning electron microscope study..
Journal of Oral Research, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 4, p. 1-12, aug. 2022.
ISSN 0719-2479.
Available at: <https://joralres.com/index.php/JOralRes/article/view/joralres.2022.043>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2022.043.
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