Evolución de la patología oclusal. Una revisión de la literatura.
Abstract
Introducción: Muchos de los lineamientos sobre oclusión y de las alternativas de tratamiento en paciente dentado y parcialmente edéntulo, se basan en conceptos planteados en los inicios de la profesión. La diversidad de escuelas de oclusión ha hecho que, algunos de esos conceptos se tornen complejos para su entendimiento y aplicación. Esta diversidad hace que la compresión de la fisiología oclusal y sus alteraciones sea difícil, obstaculizando el entendimiento de la patología oclusal, su correcto diagnóstico y manejo. Objetivo: Es por esto que se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre fisiología y patología oclusal, con el propósito de recopilar información basada en la evidencia científica, que permitiera esclarecer conceptos y homogenizar el conocimiento acerca de los cambios en la fisiología y morfología del sistema estomatognático, asociados a las alteraciones oclusales, permitiendo a futuro la estandarización del proceso de diagnóstico oclusal en la Facultad de Odontología de La Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Metodologia: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos MedLine, PudMed, Ovid, Ebsco, ScienceDirect y Hinari- Healthinternetwork mediante los términos Mesh “Dental Occlusion”- “Stomatognathic System”- “Masticatory System” – Temporomandibular Joint y las palabras de texto libre pertinentes, así como las bibliografías de los trabajos y artículos de revisión que tuvieran relacion directa con el tema; no se tuvo en cuenta la fecha de publicación. Resultados: Se obtuvoun total de 79 artículos, 10 textos y 7 páginas web. Conclusión: La patología oclusal es un proceso evolutivo que puede afectar cualquiera de los componentes del sistema estomatognático en su forma y/o función. La armonía oclusal es un estado en el que cada una de las partes del sistema funciona coordinadamente para cumplir las funciones de masticación, fonación y deglución; la rehabilitación oral debe encaminarse hacia la obtención de una oclusión armónica.
Palabras clave: “Oclusion dental”, “Sistema Estomatognático”,"Oclusión dental traumática", “Articulacion Temporomandibular”.
Introduction: Many of the guidelines on occlusion and treatment alternatives in dentate and partially edentulous patients, are based on concepts raised in the beginning of dentistry. The diversity of the occlusion schools has become some of these concepts complex to understand and apply. This diversity makes difficult the compression of the occlusal physiology and its disorders, hindering the understanding of the occlusal pathology and its proper diagnosis and management. Objective: This is why we conducted a literature review about oclusal physiology and pathology, in order to gather information based on scientific evidence, which in order to clarify concepts and homogenize knowledge about physiological and morphological changesof thestomatognathic system, associated toocclusal alterations, allowing the future standardization of the occlusal diagnostic process at the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of Colombia. Methodology: A search was conducted inMedLine, PubMed, Ovid, Ebsco, ScienceDirect and Hinari-Healthinternetwork using the Mesh terms: "Dental Occlusion" - "Stomatognathic System" - "masticatory System" - Temporomandibular Joint and the bibliographies of papers and review articles that had direct relationship to the topic; the publication deadline was not taken into account. In total, 79 articles, 10 texts and 7 websites were obtained. Conclusion: Occlusal pathology is an evolutionary process that might affect the form and/or function of any of the components of the stomatognathic system. Occlusal Harmony is a state in which each part of the system works in concert with the others to fulfill the functions of mastication, speech and swallowing; oral rehabilitation should be directed toward obtaining a harmonious occlusion.
Key words: “Dental Occlusion”, “Stomatognathic System”,Traumatic dental occlusion”, “Temporomandibular Joint”.
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